Public Administration - 967 Words

Public administration refers to the officials, institutions and processes involved with implementing the laws, rules and policies passed by legislatures and executive. It was originally a branch of political science, but public administration has developed into a field of study of its own during the 20th century, thanks in part to groundbreaking writings by early scholars in the field. These classic works laid the foundation for a new discipline that combines academic study with professional training for people interested in government careers. In public administration the organizational success largely depends on its structure and leadership. Over the years many theories have been developed regarding the structure of†¦show more content†¦The consequences of this marked change have been numerous. Focus has been on the potential for social-welfare expenditures to crowd out the traditional functions of government that Smith, Taylor and others deemed necessary for a well-functi oning, free society. The longer these trends continue, the more difficult it will be to change them. The public administration at the state level here in Rhode Island is that the citizens are collecting unemployment or receiving assistance from the state. New policies have been put into place that requires anyone receiving assistance to work for the first thirty days and a set number of hours each week. In my experience of working with these individuals that will only do what is required and nothing more than that. We have many diverse populations within any workplace and must always adhere to the rules and regulations set before us as to not offend anyone. The field of public administration will always be tough employment. From past experiences even when you are helping it could be looked upon as showing favoritism is you time is not utilized wisely. If one individual feels he is not getting the same as another, then complaints are filed. This is said to be true in the divers e populations and every populations helps there own. References Rimer, E. (1993). Organization theory and frederick taylor - taylorism transfo. Public Administration Review, 53(3),Show MoreRelatedPublic Administration And The Public Sector837 Words   |  4 PagesOld Public Administration was created to answer the questions to many unanswered problems. President Woodrow Wilson said it was â€Å"harder to run a constitution than to frame it† because of the difficult administrative tasks had to deal with. Sure enough, he was not the only person who felt that way. President Wilson believed that in order to run an effective government, ideas from the private sector should be incorporated into the public sector. He even went as far as to give input on how the governmentRead MoreSpiratuality in Public Administration1402 Words   |  6 PagesSpirituality and Public Administration ShaTara T. Ambler Columbia Southern University Public Administration Ethics 22 January 2016 Abstract When in the workplace there are a few things that people try not to discuss and religion or spirituality is one of those. It is often a touchy subject because of differing beliefs and opinions. Does spirituality help or hinder productivity in the workplace? Will someone that is spiritual be a better leader than someone who is not? I will exploreRead MoreThe Field Of Public Administration914 Words   |  4 Pagesevolution of the field of public administration based on the leadership style and the organizational structure. It has three parts; the first part will compare the organizational framework of popular theorists’ with special attention to the type of leadership and the environment of the organization. The second part will discuss a comprehensive definition of the field of public administration, and the third part is the predictions about the field of public administration, and the opportunities andRead MoreModels of Public Administration2299 Words   |  10 Pages Studying the Models of Public Administration MODELS OF COMPARITIVE PUBLIC ADMINISTRATIONINTRODUCTION Before going to the models, it is important to understand the different terminologies used in the subject: 1. APPROACH: An Approach is based primarily on one central concept. That is thought to be especially useful in studying basic features of public administration. Approaches are general in nature. 2. MODELS: Models can be considered as a refined and more specific version of approachesRead MoreProductivity in Public Administration1790 Words   |  8 Pages. PRODUCTIVITY IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION The issue of productivity management sometimes referred to as performance management is an area of great concern to public mangers. There are several strategies that can be used in public management but the selection and use of the most suitable one depends on the situation and the manager involved. Managers in the public sector are usually confronted with complex problems that require strategy thinking in order to find the most suitable way forwardRead MoreAn Understanding of Public Administration2588 Words   |  11 PagesAn Understanding of Public Administration Master of Public Administration Program Modern Public Administration: Managing Public Nonprofit Organizations PAD 500 Abstract The purpose of this paper, An Understanding of Public Administration, is to provide the reader with an overview of the field and its application towards public programs, agencies, groups and other associations. It also provides a clear definition, introduces some principlesRead MoreDefining Public Administration2566 Words   |  11 PagesAn Understanding of Public Administration Abstract The purpose of this paper, An Understanding of Public Administration, is to provide the reader with an overview of the field and its application towards public programs, agencies, groups and other associations. It also provides a clear definition, introduces some principles associated with public administration along and how it is used in American society. Public administration allows public policies and actions, decision-making abilityRead MoreThe Concept of Public Administration2013 Words   |  9 PagesThe Concept of Public Administration Historically, Governments have attempted to develop sound governance and public administration to support social, political and economic development. However, changing in political and economic context have made it increasingly difficult to determine what constitute the principles, foundations, quality and effectiveness of public administration. (UNECOSOC, 2005) The present report presents some initial thoughts and recommendations about the methodology that canRead MoreA Study Of Public Administration1516 Words   |  7 PagesSince Woodrow Wilson (1889) published the article, â€Å"a study of public administration†, the main question in the field of public administration is how to govern a democratic and political entity. Given public administration conventionally concerns about civil servants and agencies in the executive branch, one among diverse and essential subfields is bureaucracy and organizational theory. In general, the development of studies on bureaucracy and organ izational theory has gone through the period ofRead MoreEvolution of Public Administration in Woodrow Wilsons The study of Public Administration593 Words   |  2 PagesQuestion 1 : Trace the evolution of Public Administration : Public Administration very recent science , goes to the book on The study of Public Administration which has written by Woodrow Wilsom in 1887 , this book was the foundation of Public Administration science , then P.A had rapid change in its nature , scope and role . He evolution of P.A divided into five phases ( by Avasthi and Masheshwari ) : ï‚ § Phase 1 : From 1887 to 1926 : It is administration dichotomy period so, P.A has been separated

The journey to my grave Free Essays

It was a bright Thursday afternoon and it was finally time for recess. I hade just survived double English and all my energy had been drained from trying to stay awake, let alone paying any attention to what was going on in lesson. I made my way out of the classroom and walked down the long corridors of the school building towards my locker- alone. We will write a custom essay sample on The journey to my grave or any similar topic only for you Order Now It had only been a week and a half since I had started high school and I hadn’t yet managed to make any friends but I had expected it, since I had started a month later than all the other first years. Everyone seemed to already have been divided into his or her groups. I liked keeping to myself, as it was crystal clear I wasn’t needed. After placing my books in my locker I made my way to the school canteen. As always there was nothing appealing in the canteen that tempted me so I just helped myself to a chocolate muffin. Having paid for my lunch I made my way to the table in the corner of the hall where I sat everyday- alone. I placed my muffin on the table and sat down to eat. The canteen was filling up and I noticed that every table in the canteen had different types of people seated at it; the cheerleader table was at the front where all the cheerleaders sat. Beside them, was the Ashley table where Ashley’s group sat, which beside herself included her two best friends. The sixteen tables behind them were where the ordinary people sat and ate their lunch. Last but not least there were the geeks who sat behind everyone else. Finally there was me and I sat alone, behind everyone else. Since the day I had started high school know one had spoken to me in a friendly manner but only teased me and called me names, so it was a huge surprise when Ashley and her group came up to my lunch table wanting to ask me something. Hey†¦ uh †¦ Megan. How are you? ‘ Oh my god I couldn’t believe it. Ashley was actually talking to me. I had to reply, I mean it wasn’t everyday Ashley came up to talk to me. ‘Uh †¦ yes†¦ I’m†¦ I’m fine. Thanks for asking. ‘ I could feel my face getting hot, I couldn’t believe I was so tongue tied but I wasn’t to blame anyone who went to my high school would have been in the state I was in. ‘ Helen can you meet us in the girls lavatory and make sure no one knows you are coming to see us. Its best if know one knows. ‘ It was the happiest days in my life. Having finished my muffin I rushed down to the girls lavatory beaming with joy. Once reaching the girls lavatory I pushed open the door and searched for Ashley and her group. There was know one there so I decided to wait. A little while later they came in and checked if all the cubicles were empty once they were satisfied Ashley asked me the most unexpected question ever. ‘Listen Helen me and the girls were thinking of making our group a foursome and who else would be better to have than you. So do you want to join us? ‘ Of course I did. Who wouldn’t? ‘Yeh†¦ sure†¦ I mean I would love to be part of your group. ‘ This was the happiest day of my life, apart from the fact that she didn’t know my name properly. I was going to be part of her group and not any old group but Ashley Roberts group. ‘Kool, but as you know this isn’t any old group. This is my group,’ she really emphasized on the word â€Å"my†, ‘and it is the best in the whole school. So you have to go through a simple initiation test, don’t worry we all went through it. If you pass, it means you are worthy of joining our group and if not you go back to what you were. ‘ I should have known there would be a catch. I guess it was worth the try, if I passed I would’ve officially been part of the best group in the whole school. ‘All you have to do is come to my house tomorrow and stay the night. Katie and Serena’ Her two best friends, ‘will also be there. We will tell you what will consist in your test tomorrow when you come round. You can go now and oh yeh I will give you my address tomorrow but remember just don’t tell anyone, and I mean anyone about our little discussion. ‘ The final bell of the day rang and it was finally time to go home. I placed my books into my bag and made my way for home. After ten minutes I reached home and let myself in. I could hear my mum rattling the dishes in the kitchen and also talking to my little baby brother. ‘Hi mum, I’m home. Guess what happened today. You wont believe it. ‘ I was dying to tell her that I had made a new friend and that I might have a chance to join her group. ‘Go on tell me what happened today. ‘ ‘Well this girl, Ashley Roberts who is the popular girl in school asked me to join her group but she said I have to pass a little test to see if I am capable of being in their group so she invited me to her house tomorrow for a sleepover. Can I go? I could see the look on her face she wasn’t sure about the whole idea. ‘I’m not quite sure about this test thing. ‘ she replied with a worried look on her face. I’m sorry to say this to you but I cant let you go this time I mean you hardly even know her. I’m sure she will understand. ‘ Understand. She thought she would understand. My mother had absolutely no idea about this whole thing. If I didn’t get into this group my life would have been over. I would have had to stay a loner all throughout my high school life. ‘But mum’ I couldn’t let her win this battle not this time my whole high school life was at stake here. You can’t do this. You don’t understand. You have to let me go, please. ‘ my eyes were burning as tears blurred my vision. I couldn’t let her see that she had won so I stormed out of the room slamming the door shut on my way out. I was enraged by my mothers decision of not letting me go to Ashley’s house. She just didn’t understand that I had to go. It was about my future. I had made up my mind I was going to go to Ashley’s house no matter what. There was too much at stake here. I needed to make mum realise that I could take care of my self and nothing would have happened if she had let m go. The next day I came back from school and went straight to my room to pack my clothes for the sleepover. I was going to go to the sleepover no matter what. After packing my things I went downstairs to eat dinner and then told mum I was going to bed early because I was not feeling well. I went to my room and picked up my bag and plucked up the courage to sneak out of the window. I did it I was out I realised that if I stood around I would get caught so I quickly took out Ashley’s address and made my way to her house. It was about 6 blocks away from where I lived and took me about twenty minutes to get there. Once I reached her house it was seven thirty. Before I could actually knock on the door Ashley came and opened the door. Without saying a word she took me to her room as if she didn’t want anyone to know I had arrived. There I met both Katie and Serena too. I was told by Ashley that I had to keep my voice down as her parents weren’t aware that I was present in the house. For some odd reason I began to regret that I had come to Ashley’s house. I was here now and I had to go through with whatever the girls had in plan as my initiation test. Ok listen Helen. We have all decided what your test should be based upon. Let me warn you though it is going to be quite hard. The girls don’t think you will be up to the challenge. ‘ It was Ashley talking. Oh no the thing I had been dreading most. Well at least I wont have to do anything in school which could embarrass me. So I guess the girls had spared me the humiliation. ‘Just tell me what you want me to do. Don’t worry I’m up to it. By the way my name is Megan. ‘ I had come this far I wasn’t going to let myself down now. ‘That’s the spirit. Well we have decided to test how brave you are so we have decided that tonight being a Friday the thirteenth your test will be that you have to go to the near by grave yard and sit next to a grave for a whole hour, and before leaving place a flag, which we will give to you, on the surface of the grave so that we know that you actually stayed there. As proof that you did stay there for a whole hour we will give you a stop watch which you will start as soon as you sit next to the grave and bring back to us when your time is up. ‘ I got the shock of my life when I heard what I had to do. I should have stayed home and done as I was told, I guess I now realised that my mum was right. By coming here I have only landed my self into more trouble. I couldn’t let myself down. I wanted to be in the group so desperately now. Ashley told me that we were going to leave at exactly eleven thirty so that we would be there a little before twelve. While I would be inside the grave yard Katie, Serena and Ashley would go back home and then come back to collect me. They also told me I had to sit next to a specific grave, it was Jack Hunters. Rumours have it that on every Friday the thirteenth anyone who sits next to Jacks grave, and is still there by midnight, has his or hers soul pulled out from their body and into jacks grave. Many people have tried to sit next to jacks grave but have never returned. ‘Come on its time to go. ‘ Called out Katie in a silent whisper. It was time for my test and no matter what I wasn’t going to back out from it. The four of us crept downstairs and made our way out of the house without making a single noise. The street was dark with only a few light lamps in the far distance which shone some light on the path we were taking. We finally reached the main gates to the entrance of the grave yard. I was told to climb over the gates. When I had climbed over I realised that I was on my own from here on. Serena told me that the grave I was meant to sit next to was at the far end and will fall on my right hand side. I saw the girls making their way back and I knew I couldn’t follow them. I had to lead in the opposite direction. There were still five minutes to twelve as I sat down and made my self comfortable. All this jack and the whole soul pulling thing was all made up, I knew it. How can a dead person who mind you doesn’t even have a soul of his, own possibly take another persons. It was insane, it was a story which had crossed its limits. None of it was true. It couldn’t be. Could it? At this stage I was talking to myself. I began questioning my own beliefs. I looked at my watch to see how much time had gone by. I couldn’t believe it, only two minutes had passed since I had started the stopwatch which was given to me. All of a sudden I felt something behind me, as if it were breathing heavily onto my neck. I was too afraid to look back. I wanted to run. Run free from this place-I was being held down. Something had paralysed me, I couldn’t move. I tried harder- nothing happened. In my struggle to break free from the web of danger I was in I caught a glimpse of the time and it was exactly twelve. It was happening to me. My soul was being sucked into Jacks grave. My ribs were hurting me so badly. My whole body felt as if it were being forced into a tiny hole. My whole body was overlapping it self and I could do nothing. I needed air. I was running out of air. When I tried breathing in big gashes of air to maybe prolong my death, nothing happened. All I could do was wait for my life to end. I remembered mum, I wondered what she was going to go through. I should have listened to her. She was right but I was so arrogant and selfish that I had to have my way. I hope she could forgive me as all she had in the world were me and my little brother. There it happened. Exactly on that thought. I breathed in my ounce of air. Jack finally got what he had wanted-his soul, my soul. I Megan Taylor till today regret entering the gates of the grave yard I entered three years ago, and till this day I regret it. Little did I know at the time that the friend I thought I had gained, planned this malicious act of indecency. How to cite The journey to my grave, Papers

The unpassing horse Essay Example For Students

The unpassing horse Essay The poem, The Cyclist, by Louis MacNiece is a set about an insightful analogy on life. The poem is full of vivid imagery and beauty that conjures up delightful memories, and an overriding feeling of freedom. Through the poem MacNiece reminds us that we must truly treasure the brief but special moments of our childhood and life. MacNiece, through the poem, expresses life as a single sentence. His analogy is that life is a sentence, the main sentence represents our mechanical everyday work life but between the main sentence, between the horizons brackets there lies our free time and leisure. However these brackets are only five minutes of our life, these moments are scarce, just as this boys summer will pass so quickly by. So, from this we feel that the poet is telling us, life is short, grasp the sweet golden moments while you can, live in the brackets. The image of the unpassing horse further supports his message of savouring life. This image is used all throughout the poem as a comparison of being frozen in time, frozen in the brackets and working life. The description Blazoned in chalk suggest that the poet is talking about a large existing carving in Sussex, South England on the chalk downs. Perhaps a memory of his childhood summer vacations. The run on lines in the poem create a lazy mood to the poem. We feel the smooth languidness of the lines as we read the poem and almost feel the heat. This mood promotes the theme of freedom expressed in the poem. The very first word Freewheeling conjures up a sense of carefree enjoyment. The delightful description the wind he causes in passing/ Cools the sweat of his neck, making him one with the sky expresses the absolute freedom and bliss of summer. The description of being one with the sky is very sublime; it demonstrates the openness and endless opportunities of being in the brackets. The imaginary world of childhood is put forth in the idea of grasping summer in the handlebars of the boys bicycle. We almost feel that we are in the imaginary world, the perfect world to this child. Similarly, we also come across a delightful idea of catching summer with butterfly nets in the third stanza. This imagery further promotes the idea of freedom in the poem. The boy is described as a parenthesis, this further suggests that he is not in the real world; he is not part of the main sentence not for now anyway. The line Is to be picked up later but these five minutes suggests that these five minutes lived between the brackets are scares and need to be savoured. The enchanting imagery of the dragonfly is the poets representation of how effortless summer is. The vivid imagery of a dragonfly, effortlessly taking off, horizontal is a metaphor for the work-free atmosphere of summer, and the pleasure this is. The next line Underlining itself in a silver peacock light seems to be referring back to the sentence of life, that the parenthesis between the brackets is underscored, suggesting that it is looked forward to. The second stanza if full of intense imagery that sets adds much colouring to poem. He commences it with a reference to the unpassing horse, he describes it as being glaring, glaring white conveying the attractiveness. This along with the personification of the horse carving: moves within his brackets suggests that as the horse is also at the downs, it is moving, and enjoying the summer too, perhaps also expressing a desire to obtain the horse, obtain the complete freedom of summer vacations. The heat of summer in emphasised through the description of the grasshoppers. The word boils is used very cleverly, as it conveys both the bubbling, bursting movement of the tiny grasshoppers as well as the heat of the day. .u91f7bfc52be32486cab384fad1a5977e , .u91f7bfc52be32486cab384fad1a5977e .postImageUrl , .u91f7bfc52be32486cab384fad1a5977e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u91f7bfc52be32486cab384fad1a5977e , .u91f7bfc52be32486cab384fad1a5977e:hover , .u91f7bfc52be32486cab384fad1a5977e:visited , .u91f7bfc52be32486cab384fad1a5977e:active { border:0!important; } .u91f7bfc52be32486cab384fad1a5977e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u91f7bfc52be32486cab384fad1a5977e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u91f7bfc52be32486cab384fad1a5977e:active , .u91f7bfc52be32486cab384fad1a5977e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u91f7bfc52be32486cab384fad1a5977e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u91f7bfc52be32486cab384fad1a5977e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u91f7bfc52be32486cab384fad1a5977e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u91f7bfc52be32486cab384fad1a5977e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u91f7bfc52be32486cab384fad1a5977e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u91f7bfc52be32486cab384fad1a5977e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u91f7bfc52be32486cab384fad1a5977e .u91f7bfc52be32486cab384fad1a5977e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u91f7bfc52be32486cab384fad1a5977e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: How does Heaney explore the issues of background and identity in his early poems, Digging and Follower EssayThe description of the pebble is also very clever, it moves from the focus of one small object and then expands, using the numbers of small pebbles on the dirt road as a representation of the number of boys riding in the downs. The words heat-wave and surf are used to suggest that the dirt track is like dry water, as the hot air ripples over the ground, waves of dust are created. This in our minds also creates an image of the beach on hot summers days, and the refreshing feeling of the wind on our sweaty face as our hair is thrown back. The issue of nostalgia is also present in the poem. Through the use of imagery the poet presents this idea in the third stanza. The boys chase summer, they long for it to last. The description of the little red ball is a reference to a cricket ball, this instantly suggests the poet is English as cricket is a popular sport in England. The idea of trapping summer is also suggested in the description of the cricket ball; the idea that you can strike it into the deep, and hold it forever. The next two references speak of the pleasure of soaking in summer. The idea of being lathered in cricket creams in summer is an extremely insightful one, suggesting the stickiness of the cricket creams onto the boys body due to the intense heat and perspiration. We are again brought to the idea of freedom though the idea of drinking summer through closed eyelids. We can just imagine the image of a boy lying in downs with his eyes closed and just soaking in the summer rays. This description is approached by three unpunctuated run on lines, this allows the sentences to drag and promote this free, lazy feeling. The first interruption of the lazy mood of the poem is at the semi-colon in the third stanza. The first image of our mechanical work lives is given by the word bell, this is most probably representing a school bell sounding the start of school. The Left-right-left symbolises the orderly restrictiveness of school and schoolwork, restrictions that are not faced during the summer. The idea of being absolutely lost in summer is conveyed by the words his forgotten sentence, representing the idea of forgetting completely about the worries and pressures of school life, forgetting the main sentence. Reaching the valley represents reaching the end of something, in this case the end of the summer vacation. The words the boy must pedal again is a metaphor of the need for the boy to work again, to live back in the main sentence. Yet, even with this restrictive need, the idea of nostalgia is present as for ten seconds more the boy can move as the horse in the chalk, meaning for a little time longer the boys mind is still free and ingrossed in summer, just as the horse in the chalk moves forever within the brackets unbeginningly and unendingly regardless of the tenses and final clauses of the main sentence. Thus the poet is expresses the idea of continually wishing for summer, even when it has gone. The poem The Cyclist exposes many ideas. It is a perceptive representation of our lives, and especially the carefree nature of childhood. Even at the end of the poem, the poet expresses his childish aspiration of living forever between the horizons brackets just as the chalk horse is. However, through the poem he does also show the reality that we cannot live our lives like the chalk horse, for the chalk horse is forever between the brackets as it is only an image, a dream, so we must savour what five minutes of freedom we have.

International Involvement free essay sample

Most Americans in the mid-1800s were not interested in further territorial expansion. In fact, many Americans opposed any type of imperial rule as it went against America’s political policies and threatened to bring in people of different cultures and religions; something that American already had enough of. However, several European countries were quickly expanding into Africa and Asia, threatening United States’ access to global markets. This new threat, combined with a collective belief in Darwinism, sparked American interest in global expansion. America’s international involvement between 1890 and 1905 definitely affected global politics as the United States became increasingly concerned with the affairs of smaller, less stable countries as well as gaining a more assertive global presence. This new approach toward global politics forever changed America’s once indifferent attitude. The events following the American Revolution kept the United States occupied up until the mid-1800s. The United States was largely inactive in global politics as its leaders were more concerned with building the foundations of the country rather than expanding beyond the North American borders. We will write a custom essay sample on International Involvement or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The country’s economy grew with industrialization and by the 1890’s the United States had half of its petroleum sales overseas (Landsberry, 2010) . The United States and its economy became very dependent on foreign trade. Almost simultaneously, European powers began seizing territory in Africa and Asia. Despite America’s indifference towards any involvement in global politics, the rising power of these European countries was concerning. Darwinism, a belief in the survival of the fittest, prompted Americans to consider further expansion to prevent being shut out of global markets that supported the American economy. Others were convinced that much of the world was uncivilized and it was the United States’ duty to spread the Anglo-Saxon civilization. Some were strictly focused on national power and insisted that the United States’ global power was dependent upon a strong navy. Yet there were still some who maintained that the United States must respect the rights of other nations (Irvin, 2007). Carl Shurz, a  well-known politician, also held this peaceful perspective. He wrote, â€Å"In its dealings with other nations (the United States) should have scrupulous (careful) regard, not only for their rights, but also for their self-respect. With all its resources for war, it should be the great peace power of the world. It (America) should seek to influence mankind, not by heavy artillery, but by good example and wise counsel. It should see its highest glory, not in battles won, but in wars prevented. It should be so invariably (always) just and fair, so trustworthy that other nations would instinctively turn to it as the great preserver of the world’s peace† (Irvin, 2007). Nonetheless, the United Sates pursued imperialism in the Spanish-American War in 1898. The Spanish-American War was a conflict that President William McKinley wanted to avoid. Anti- Spanish propaganda instigated America’s interest in the war and pressure from the Democratic Party and several industrialists finally persuaded the president to engage in what eventually lead to the fall of the Spanish Empire. The war originally began as an American intervention of the Cuban War of Independence however tensions escalated quickly after the American battleship Maine mysteriously sank in the Havana harbor (Brinkley, 2012). The Treaty of Paris ended the war and gave the United States control of the Philippine islands, Guam, and Puerto Rico (Brinkley, 2012). The United States has already shifted the balance of power in their first confrontation beyond North American borders. Now in control of outside territories, the United States was faced with the responsibility of maintaining its new colonies. This proved to be very difficult in the Philippines, where rebellious groups of guerilla warriors waged war on American soldiers. The Philippine War went on for four years and caused thousands of causalities, both native and American alike. The rebels maintained that they had valid leader who would lead a stable government and they did not need help from Spain or the United States. The war ended in 1902 when the United States finally agreed to assist in the Philippines independence from colonial rule (Brinkley, 2012). â€Å"America did not attempt to expand its territories after the Philippine War as imperialism did not proved to be more dangerous than it was lucrative†Ã‚  (Landsberry, 2010) . Instead, its leaders decided to expand the country’s power and by increasing its influence over foreign nations. President Roosevelt was very interested in international involvement. His affairs became known as the ‘Big Stick Policy’ (Irvin, 2007). The name came from his famous quote â€Å"I have always been fond of the West African proverb: ‘Speak softly and carry a big stick; you will go far† (Irvin, 2007). This attitude was one of quiet assertiveness. President Roosevelt, like Carl Shurz, believed that it was the United States’ duty to set a good example for the rest of the world. He took it a step further by insisting that Americans intervene in the affairs of other countries that were too weak or unstable to protect themselves. He focused on countries located on the Western Hemisphere in accordance with the Monroe Doctrine; a document forged by President Monroe that assured the European countries of the United States’ dominance over the Western Hemisphere. President Roosevelt’s promise to protect weaker nations is known as the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine (Irvin, 2007) . Although the United States may have not been entirely successful at imperialism, it did make its mark on global politics. It disabled the Spanish Empire and changed the American reputation from indifferent and isolated to assertive and strong. President Roosevelt reiterated the Monroe Doctrine, making the world aware of the United States’ presence in foreign affairs. In the short time from 1890 to 1905, the United States of America transformed its identity in preparation for the war ahead.

10 Ways to Reduce College Stress

10 Ways to Reduce College Stress At any given point in time, most college students are stressed about something; its just part of going to school. While having stress in your life is normal and often unavoidable, being stressed is something you can control. Follow these ten tips to learn how to keep your stress in check and how to relax when it gets to be too much. 1. Dont Stress About Being Stressed This may seem ridiculous at first, but it is listed first for a reason: when youre feeling stressed, you feel like youre on edge and everything is barely being held together. Dont beat yourself up too badly about it! Its all normal, and the best way to handle stress is to not get more stressed about...being stressed. If youre stressed out, admit it and figure out how to handle it. Focusing on it, especially without taking action, will only make things seem worse. 2. Get Some Sleep Being in college means your sleep schedule is, most likely, far from ideal. Getting more sleep can help your mind refocus, recharge, and re-balance. This can mean a quick nap, a night when you go to bed early, or a promise to yourself to stick with a regular sleep schedule. Sometimes, one good nights sleep can be all you need to hit the ground running amidst a stressful time. 3. Get Some (Healthy!) Food Similar to your sleep habits, your eating habits may have gone by the wayside when you started school. Think about what- and when- youve eaten over the past few days. You may think your stress is psychological, but you could also be feeling physical stress (and putting on the Freshman 15) if youre not fueling your body appropriately. Go eat something balanced and healthy: fruits and veggies, whole grains, protein. Make your mama proud with what you choose for dinner tonight! 4.  Get Some Exercise You may think that if you dont have the time to sleep and eat properly, you definitely dont have the time to exercise. Fair enough, but if youre feeling stressed, it may be that you need to squeeze it in somehow. Exercise doesnt necessarily have to involve a 2-hour, exhausting workout at the campus gym. It can mean a relaxing, 30-minute walk while listening to your favorite music. In fact, in a little over an hour, you can 1) walk 15 minutes to your favorite off-campus restaurant, 2) eat a quick and healthy meal, 3) walk back, and 4) take a power nap. Imagine how much better youll feel! 5. Get Some Quiet Time Take one moment and think: when was the last time you had some quality, quiet time alone? Personal space for students in college rarely exists. You may share your room, your bathroom, your classrooms, your dining hall, the gym, the bookstore, the library, and anywhere else you go during an average day. Finding a few moments of peace and quiet- with no cell phone, roommates, or crowds- might be just what you need. Stepping out from the crazy college environment for a few minutes can do wonders for reducing your stress. 6.  Get Some Social Time Have you been working on that English paper for three days straight? Can you even see what youre writing anymore for your chemistry lab? You could be stressed because youre being too focused on getting things done. Dont forget that your brain is like a muscle, and even it needs a break every once in a while! Take a break and see a movie. Grab some friends and go out dancing. Hop a bus and hang out downtown for a few hours. Having a social life is an important part of your college experience, so dont be afraid to keep it in the picture when youre stressed. It could be when you need it most! 7. Make Work More  Fun You may be stressed about one particular thing: a final paper due Monday, a class presentation due Thursday. You basically just need to sit down and plow through it. If this is the case, try to figure out how to make it a little more fun and enjoyable. Is everyone writing final papers? Agree to work together in your room for 2 hours and then order pizza together for dinner. Do a lot of your classmates have huge presentations to put together? See if you can reserve a classroom or room in the library where you can all work together and share supplies. You may just lower everyones stress level. 8. Get Some Distance You may be handling your own problems and trying to help others around you. While this can be nice for them, check in and be honest with yourself about how your helpful demeanor may be causing more stress in your life. Its okay to take a step back and focus on yourself for a little while, especially if you are stressed and your academics are at risk. After all, how can you keep helping others if youre not even in a state to help yourself? Figure out which things are causing you the most stress and how you can take a step back from each. And then, most importantly, take that step. 9. Get a Little Help It can be hard to ask for help, and unless your friends are psychic, they may not know how stressed out you are. Most college students are going through the same things at the same thing, so dont feel silly if you need to just vent for 30 minutes over coffee with a friend. It may help you process out what you need to do, and help you realize that the things you are so stressed about are actually pretty manageable. If youre afraid of dumping too much on a friend, most colleges have counseling centers specifically for their students. Dont be afraid to make an appointment if you think it will help. 10. Get Some Perspective College life can be overwhelming. You want to hang out with your friends, join clubs, explore off campus, join a fraternity or sorority, and be involved in the campus newspaper. It can sometimes feel like there arent enough hours in the day. Thats because there arent. Theres only so much any person can handle, and you need to remember the reason why youre in school: academics. No matter how exciting your co-curricular life can be, you wont be able to enjoy any of it if you dont pass your classes. Make sure to keep your eye on the prize and then head out and change the world!

John Deere Invented a Better Plow

John Deere Invented a Better Plow John Deere was an Illinois blacksmith and manufacturer. Early in his career, Deere and an associate designed a series of farm plows. In 1837, on his own, John Deere designed the first cast steel plow that greatly assisted the Great Plains farmers. The large plows made for cutting the tough prairie ground were called grasshopper plows. The plow was made of wrought iron and had a steel share that could cut through sticky soil without clogging. By 1855, John Deeres factory was selling over 10,000 steel plows a year. In 1868, John Deeres business was incorporated as Deere Company, which is still in existence today. John Deere became a millionaire selling his steel plows. History of Plows The first real inventor of a practicable plow was Charles Newbold, of Burlington County, New Jersey, to whom a patent for a cast-iron plow was issued in June 1797. But the farmers would have none of it. They said it poisoned the soil and fostered the growth of weeds. One David Peacock received a patent in 1807, and two others later. Newbold sued Peacock for infringement and recovered damages. Pieces of Newbolds original plow are in the museum of the New York Agricultural Society at Albany. Another inventor of plows was Jethro Wood, a blacksmith of Scipio, New York, who received two patents, one in 1814 and the other in 1819. His plow was of cast iron, but in three parts, so that a broken part might be renewed without purchasing an entire plow. This principle of standardization marked a great advance. The farmers by this time were forgetting their former prejudices, and many plows were sold. Though Woods original patent was extended, infringements were frequent, and he is said to have spent his entire property in prosecuting them. Another skilled blacksmith, William Parlin, at Canton, Illinois, began in about 1842 making plows that he loaded upon a wagon and peddled through the country. Later his establishment grew large. Another John Lane, a son of the first, patented in 1868 a soft-center steel plow. The hard but brittle surface was backed by softer and more tenacious metal, to reduce the breakage. The same year James Oliver, a Scotch immigrant who had settled at South Bend, Indiana, received a patent for the chilled plough. By an ingenious method, the wearing surfaces of the casting were cooled more quickly than the back. The surfaces which came in contact with the soil had a hard, glassy surface, while the body of the plow was of tough iron. From small beginnings, Olivers establishment grew great, and the Oliver Chilled Plow Works at South Bend is today [1921] one of the largest and most favorably known privately owned. From the single plowit was only a step to two or more plows fastened together, doing more work with approximately the same manpower. The sulky plow, on which the plowman rode, made his work easier, and gave him great control. Such plows were certainly in use as early as 1844, perhaps earlier. The next step forward was to substitute for horses a traction engine.

The Rising Economic Importance of Women Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 8000 words

The Rising Economic Importance of Women - Essay Example rmination model with three component parts: the individual-level segment, which includes variables such as education and age; the structural-level segment, which includes variables such as hours worked per week, industry, and occupation; a gender-level segment, which includes variables such as sex, marital status, and with child under age six. Results indicate that, net of other factors, women earn $111.21 less per week than men in spite of having a higher percentage of college degrees and positions in white-collar high-skill employment. Analysis of the results suggests that there are two potential means by which the pay-gap can be reduced. Women are typically, either by choice or because they are forced, selected into gender homogenous positions such as education or healthcare that are devalued. Women therefore need to select positions that will generate a more heterogeneous employment structure and pursue occupations in typically male dominated areas. Additionally, the enactment of a Pay Equity Act could further restore the balance and redistribute income by evaluating positions based on the value of their work and not based on sex, race, or other personal/individual attributes. Four decades have passed since the enactment of the Equal Pay Act (1963), but are we any closer to gender equality? The Equal Pay Act was created as a result of the large income discrepancies that existed for individuals doing the same work and was termed pay discrimination. Throughout the years many justifications have been put forth for unequal pay based on gender with the predominant being the sex difference in productivity. Sex segregation, the division of labor based on gender, has existed from almost the beginning and is arguably one of the most profound reasons why the pay-gap still exists today. The Equal Pay Act has done little to address this issue because it only addresses gender income differences for those individuals occupying the same positions. Another justification for

Business Ethics Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Business Ethics - Research Paper Example But the problem apparently is far from resolved taking into consideration the actual degradation of the environment and changing weather patterns. This paper is a personal view on the above mentioned balance, ‘the spectrum of ethical responsibly towards the environment’. The stand taken is that environmental ethics is a necessity both on paper and in practice for business organizations. But the responsibility should not be solely on the major contributor namely the big polluters. An ideal or at the least a sustainable climate is vital to the survival of all living organisms including humans (Pittock, 1). The matter is of utmost concern is the reality of climate change. It is a well established fact that pollution of air, land and water have contributed to this alarming situation. As mentioned in the introduction, economic (immediate) needs often take precedence of long-term requirements regarding the survival of the human race in particular and the environment in general. It is to be seen as to who contributes negatively and positively towards global warming and its long-term effects and causes. According to Ray Anderson, one of the most respected industrialists committed towards environmental ethics, it is business and industry that are the main culprits in this whole chain of events. Being so, this group can in turn become the major contributors in correcting this alarming situation. He goes on to add that there should be an individual or organization that leads the way and took up the responsibility (successfully) of showcasing his own carpet company Interface as a global example of how business can on their own be path breakers in this regard. What is most admirable is the fact that Interface is a company that uses fossil fuels as a raw material for its products. No one in their right mind would publicly state that they have no responsibility towards the environment. But it is

300 - Rationalism vs Empiricism - Summary and History Essay Example for Free

300 Rationalism vs Empiricism Summary and History Essay What is reality really like? A current running through much of the philosophical thinking around the time of Socrates and Plato was that there is a difference between how the world appears and how it is. Our senses reveal one layer of reality but it is our minds that penetrate deeper. The world of appearances is a world in flux but underneath there must be a stable reality. For there is much that is unchanging. We recognise kinds of things – badgers, daffodils, mountains – and whilst members of these kinds are born, change and die, and differ from one another in ever so many ways, the kind-defining essence doesnt change. We see here the key rationalist idea that knowledge is a priori knowledge of necessary truths Plato said that kinds were defined by the transcendental forms. He presented a number of arguments for the existence of these things. Prior to our incarnation, our souls existed in the realm of forms where we learned about these essences. In our terrestrial state, we cannot recall what we know. Socrates considered himself a midwife to knowledge instead of a teacher, helping his interlocutors to draw out what they dont know that they know. The example of Meno and the slave-boy shows this idea clearly. Like many philosophers, Plato was also fascinated by mathematics. We are able to tap into a universe of truths that are non-sensible: we do not see numbers and we do not see the perfect geometric forms. Once again, we see the difference between the powers of the mind and the powers of the senses. It was in the 17th century that the debate between the rationalists and the empiricists came to a head. Philosophers such as Descartes and Leibniz emphasised the power of reason over the senses. Descartes argued that our senses were fallible and that we could not rule out the possibility of the demon deception hypothesis on the basis of sensory evidence alone. Descartes argued that he knew he existed, as a mind, on the basis of reflection alone: when I think, I cannot fail to be aware of myself as existing as that thinker (cogito, ergo sum). Having proved that he exists, Descartes argued that God exists. Since God is no deceiver, he would not have given us senses that systematically mislead. But let us not overemphasise the powers of the senses. Descartes argued that even with material things, it is reason that exposes their essences. In his piece of wax reasoning, he argued that the senses merely reveal a succession of impressions: it is reason that grasps the underlying and enduring substance as extended (and filled space). Plato and Descartes believed that we are born with concepts and knowledge. In Descartes case, there was a religious motive: we are all born in the image of God. We discover more about the world primarily through metaphysical reflection. The philosopher Francis Bacon, an early empiricist, famously dismissed this rationalist approach to knowledge. He compared rationalists to spiders who spin complex metaphysical systems out of their entrails. Empiricists get their hands dirty: like bees gathering pollen, they gather knowledge about the world and only then reflect on it. Around the same time as Bacon, many new discoveries were being made that shook the prevailing views of reality. The Earth was dethroned from its position at the centre of the universe by Copernicus. A new star (a supernova) was observed by Tycho Brahe in 1572 – yet the heavens were supposed to be timeless and unchanging. Galileo discovered the moons of Jupiter – again, everything clearly didnt revolve around the Earth. Later in the 17th century, scientist-philosophers such as Newton, Boyle, Gassendi and Huygens would revolutionise our understanding of reality. The original empiricist manifesto was written by John Locke. In his Essay Concerning Human Understanding, he sought to show how a mind that was blank at birth – a tabula rasa or blank slate – could come to be filled. His first targets were the innate concepts and knowledge (ideas) of the rationalists. There are no such things. There are no truths everyone agrees on. Many people fail to grasp the supposed metaphysical truths. Instead, our senses deliver ideas to us. We store them, abstract from them to form general ideas, and compound and mix them to generate new ideas. Like Lego bricks, we build the meagre sensory data into ever more complex structures. Even Leibniz thought Locke was onto something here. He claimed that our minds were like blocks of marble that had to be carefully chiselled at to reveal the hidden structure (the innate truths). It is hard work and not everyone will end up well-chiselled. Hume took empiricism to its limit. Where Locke talked indifferently of ideas, Hume distinguished impressions and ideas. Impressions are the direct deliverances of the senses and are forceful and vivid in comparison to ideas, which are the copies our minds makes. (He also agreed with the Empiricist Berkeley that Lockes theory of general ideas was wrong. We do not abstract from particular ideas to a general idea but use a particular idea in a general way via a general name. ) What about the precious necessary truths philosophy is supposed to study? Locke argued that once we have ideas in our mind, our mind will perceive the necessary connections between them – e. g. that a triangle has internal angles that add to 180o? But where does the idea of necessity come from? Hume provided an answer. He distinguished statements into two categories: those expressing relations of ideas (analytic) and those expressing matters of fact (synthetic). The analytic truths express mere definitions: we simply are aware of an association between terms. The synthetic truths are the contingent truths. So what happens to interesting necessary truths, such as God exists or nothing exists without being caused to exist? Hume argued that if these werent analytic – and they arent – they arent necessary. We feel that they are necessary and this is all necessity is: a psychological property. When we say that X caused Y, we think we have said something about the universe. We think we have seen an example of a law of nature (e. g. the water in the bucket froze because it was cold exemplifies the law water freezes at 0oC). Science investigates these laws. Hume said that causation was all in the mind. We see one thing after another and when weve seen instances of a regularity enough, we develop the feeling that one thing must be followed by the other. Hume, like Locke, emphasised how all we can be certain of are our impressions – how the world seems. Scientists are really investigating how the world appears: they can never be certain that the world really is the way it appears. So, empiricism seems to lead straight to scepticism about the external world. Kant objected strongly to this. Science really is studying the external world and there really is an external world for it to investigate. Kant brought about a revolution in philosophy (he called it a Copernican revolution). He argued that the empiricists and rationalists were both right and wrong. The Empiricists were right: science requires the study of the world and the world is brought to us via the senses. The Rationalists were right: our mind is not blank but contains structures that enable us to interpret the stream of data from the senses. We may liken the mind to a mould and the data to jelly: one only has something structured by combining both. Or: the mind is a computer with an operating system and the data is the input from the user. A computer with just an operating system is inert. A computer into which data is inputted but which has no operating system is just data: it cannot be interpreted. Only when you combine both do you get something useful. Our minds contain the structures for space, time, objects and causation, for example. (In Kants terminology, space and time are the pure forms of intuition whereas the structures for objects and causation are pure concepts of the understanding. ) This means that we experience a world of spatio-temporally located objects in which causation happens because this is how our minds make it appear. Does this mean that the world as such is all in the mind? Or is the mind somehow tuned to the structure of reality, so that our pre-programmed minds mirror the structures of reality? This is a very difficult question over which there is no agreement amongst experts. The Empiricist movement came back with a vengeance in the 20th century. Philosophers such as Bertrand Russell agreed with Hume that our knowledge begins with our knowledge of sense-data (classical empirical foundationalism). Armed with new discoveries in mathematics and logic, and backed by the successes of science, the logical positivists argued that the only proper way to investigate the world was the scientific way. If I say p and p is synthetic and there is no objective, scientific way to verify my claim that p, then my claim is meaningless. (This is the celebrated verification principle). So, if it is true that there atoms, we should be able to find empirical – sensory – evidence of them. If it is true that nothing happens without being caused to happen, then we likewise need scientific evidence for this. We cannot discover whether it is true by pure reason. The Logical Positivist movement failed. There is much that seems meaningful that is not objectively verifiable by the senses, such as the occurrence of private sensations. The principle makes it impossible for general claims such as all mammals are warm-blooded to be true, as we cannot verify all of them. The very verification principle itself fails its own test! The Logical Positivists responded by watering down their principle: a meaningful claim is one we could gather some evidence for in principle and the principle itself is special – exempt from this rule. But it was not enough. (* Then Quine argued that the fundamental division between analytic and synthetic sentences was incorrect. Analytic sentences cannot be false. But no sentence enjoys this privilege. As we learn more and more, truths we thought were beyond doubt are rejected. Once upon a time, we would have thought it analytic that no object can be in two places at once or that there is no fastest velocity. Quantum physics and general relativity theory show that they are not true. Instead, we should have a web of belief. At the centre are those sentences least likely to be revised – our core beliefs. As we move out, we find those sentences that would be easier and easier to accept as false – that would cause less and less disruption to the rest of what we believe. ) In the 1950s, Chomsky became famous for suggesting that we are not born as blank slates when it comes to language. We are born knowing the fundamental structures of human language. When we are young, we hear our mother tongue and use our knowledge of language to pick up our language very quickly. (At 24 months, the average child understands 500-700 words; at 36 months, 1000; at 48 around 2500-3000; at 60 around 5000 words: thats around 7 words a day between 3 and 6). More recently, studies have shown that children are born with brains structured to expect the world to behave in certain way. Very young children expect objects to persist over time: not to disappear and reappear at two different places, for example. Is this a revival of rationalism? Not according to many people. Rationalists argued that we had innate concepts and knowledge. By reflection, we can discover them and manipulate them to gain new knowledge. But our knowledge of language is altogether different. None of us can easily articulate the rules we follow in generating syntactically-correct English. (And certainly none of us at all can articulate the common structure rules to all human languages. ) Our brains are certainly pre-programmed, but only perhaps in the same way that a computer is pre-wired: clearly something has to be there but nothing as advanced as software. So where are we today? No side is victorious: this would be to grossly over-simplify the debate between the empiricists and the rationalists. We definitely have minds in some way ready to receive the world – hardly surprising, perhaps, given the time it has taken for us to evolve. But when it comes to working out what is true? Few philosophers are rationalists in the old-fashioned way. There is no sharp division between metaphysics and science: our study of reality cannot be done from the armchair alone. But our capacity to grasp abstract mathematical truths has always been difficult to explain from an empiricist perspective. We seem to have an access to a mathematical realm and a cognitive or intuitive access instead of a sensory one. You cant see numbers, after all, and it is not easy to say what we could see that would lead us to generate the ideas of numbers.

Societial Changes in the Middle East in 600 B.C.E. :: Politics, world history, Mesopotamia

From the time of the Agricultural revolution till 600 B.C.E, many changes were being made in society. New tools and weapons were developed, new types of writing, and new art forms were all being discovered and altered. But one societal element that is crucial to everyone is politics. The politics of a society effect the citizens day to day lives, and set boundries for all people. Between the time of the Agricultural Revolution and 600 B.C.E, the Middle East experienced political changes such as; the dimensions of government, and the land that was conquered and controlled. The one thing during this time that did remain unchanged, for the most part, were the political leaders of the time period. In Mesopotamia priests were held to a high standard and had a lot of political and economical involvement. As the city-states in Mesopotamia advanced so did the interaction with different empires. Also as the involvement grew so did the civilians quality of life, even for the slaves. Eventually Mesopotamia split up into a north and south region. The region split up due to political and economic reasons. The North was ruled by the Assyria and the south was ruled by Hammurabi. The heightened economic time continued, but it was short lived after the conflict in Anatolia in 1200 B.C.E. the Mesopotamia economy collapsed and they then had a time of poverty and struggle. Assyrian rule lasted from 911 to 612 B.C.E in the northern Mesopotamia region. It is considered by most historians as the first empire. The expansion of Assyrian took place along major trade routes which gave them a stable economy. As the expansion continued policies were put in place to support and benefit the upper classes of society. Later the empire began to diminish because of the hatred it received from its conquered people, and the empires population became less and less loyal to its rulers. During 2000 B.C.E the Israelites populates an area located at cross roads of trade routes. Their petite population inhabited a diminutive territory that was deprived of natural resources, but they were nestled at a cross road of trade routes which was very beneficial for their economy.

Is Macbeth a Tyrant or a Tragic Hero? Essay

A tragic hero is someone whos fatal flaw, combined with other external factors, bring about ones demise, which is demonstrated by Macbeth in Shakespeares play Macbeth. Macbeth is portrayed as a courageous, brave and noble man who was haunted by superstition and an overpowering ambition. Factors that contributed to the degeneration of Macbeth include the prophecies told to him by the witches, the influence and manipulation of his wife, Lady Macbeth, and finally, Macbeths deep driven intent to become king. Although seen as a daring and valiant hero at the beginning of the play, Macbeths evil desires and long time ambition causes his downfall. Even though Macbeth seems like a malevolent and murderous tyrant towards the end of the play, he is ultimately a tragic hero. The prophecies given by the witches contributed to the degeneration of Macbeths character. The witches foretold that Macbeth would become Thane of Glamis, Thane of Cawdor and the King of Scotland. If not for the prophecies, Macbeths curiosity and ambition to become King might never have aroused. To be king stood not within the prospect of belief to him before he had heard the prophecies, however, when hearing the prophecies of becoming king, horrible imaginings of murder, though fantastical, had come across his mind. As the play progresses, Macbeth increasingly relies on the prophecies given by the witches stirring up Macbeths curiosity and ambition which factor in corrupting his character and sending him to his dusty death. The manipulation and influence of Lady Macbeth was also a factor of Macbeths downfall. When Lady Macbeth reads her husbands letter, she is afraid that Macbeth is not evil enough to do what he must to seize the crown. She wishes her husband a quick return so that she can pour her spirits in his ear and chastise with the valour of her tongue. Although Lady Macbeth seems like a lovely and polite lady, she is in fact a vicious and manipulative woman full of malice. She is also a horrible influence on Macbeth telling him to look like the innocent flower, but to be the serpent undert as well as telling him he was a coward when he was afraid to murder King Duncan. After Macbeth had slaughtered King Duncan, he was filled with a guilty conscience, regretting his wrong. His wife however, thought he was infirm of purpose. This was the first murder that Macbeth had experienced, however after the first murder, killing seemed to be the only solution to maintain his reign as king.

Business Ethics (Nestle Company) Essay

Introduction Nestle is the world’s dominating health and nutrition company which is still now committing their promises to the people every day, everywhere by promising ‘Good Food, Good Life’ to their consumers to enhance lives with good foods and beverages. The development of Nestle was formed in the 1905 through the mergers and acquisitions of the Anglo-Swiss Milk Company, by the brothers George Page and Charles Page, and Farine Lactee Henri Nestle, by Henri Nestle. The company was then named after Henri Nestle in the year of 1866. The constant growing and developing of Nestle have successfully made them a famous brand and most people do recognize the existence of them in today’s world. Nestle’s portfolio has literally cover most of the foods and beverages category for instance, baby foods, bottled water, cereals, chocolate and confectionery, coffee, culinary, chilled and frozen foods, dairy, drinks, food service, healthcare nutrition, ice cream, petcare, sport nutrition and weight management. Identification Stakeholders Nestle’s engagement of stakeholders is based on their Creating Shared Value (CSV), which is allowing them to identify and determine emerging issues, to share the responses among the stakeholders and to continue to drive performance improvements. Nestle’s stakeholders can be categorized into three major groups. First group is the group of political which consists of Global Business Leaders, Non-profit Organizations (NGOs), Academics, International Organization, and Government Official. This particular group serves the common interests with Nestle which is in sharing the fresh thoughts and ideas on behalf of how the NGOs, governments and businesses can work closely together in order to eliminate the barrier between developments goals and commercial needs. Second group is the group of experts in social and environmental area that is relevant to Nestle’s field. This group is to communicate Nestle’s approaches towards the people and environment and collect and examine feedbacks based on CSV efforts and plans. Last group is the group of farmers, traders and key processors that contribute help in agriculture resources of Nestle. This interest in this group is to give the supports to farmers and  encourage sustainable development in agriculture worldwide. In addition to this, the stakeholders of Nestle are also relatively supportive to the CSV and were also highly corresponding about the issues, interests and specific areas of concern for example, the growing importance of climate change, the uprising challenges of both under-nutrition and obesity, the reduction of biodiversity from deprived land management, the competition between agriculture land and water resources from biofuels, child labour and also insufficient opportunity and attention given to support the vital role of women in agriculture. Ethical Issues Despite of being a well-known company, however, the Nestle Company has been boycotted and been listed one of the companies that is doing unethical acts which cause harm towards the consumers or their workers. Based on studies and researches, several cases and incidents have been investigated in regards of Nestle doing unethically. Marketing Strategy According to press releases and also Baby Milk Action (2012), one of the Nestle’s present marketing strategies are to discourage the ‘breastfeeding’ of mother to child. In additional to this, Nestle is also adding several logos and labels in the support of advertising reflect to consuming their products, in this case which is baby foods, is more ‘healthy’ and ‘effective’ than consuming mother’s breast milk and this leads to a moral issues for the mothers. On top of that, Nestle is also by this advertisement generalizing that babies who are being breastfed, therefore, are more likely to become sick due to the poor condition of the mother. These advertisements can be misled to exaggeration which is by marking facts with unsupported evidences. Besides that, the unethical act in exaggerating of the advertising continues where the Nestle Company is targeting on health workers with the claims of their newly formulated formula ‘The Gold’ in their foods and beverages which could possibly reduce diarrhea, cure brain and eye development and also strengthen the immune system. Several investigations was required by the World Health Assembly in order to examine the ‘effectiveness’ of ‘The Gold’ formula, however, been rejected by Nestle Company due to the reason of their research and  development is strictly private and confidential. Last but not least, the Baby Milk Action is also questioning about the false reporting that Nestle has been reported towards their baby food products. The United Reformed Church has spotted Nestle have violated several International Codes of Marketing Breast-Milk Substitutes, unfortunately, it was being false reported in their policy statements and reports saying the acts of Nestle doing has no harm towards their consumers, however, it does actually harms health. The investigation is still on going, but it has been dismissed constantly. ‘Nestle has gone to great lengths to enhance its corporate image but its disdain for the International Code’, says Yeong Joo Kean, legal advisor of International Code Documentation Centre. This supports that Nestle, in the desperation of enhancing brand images, however, violates several to exchange the success of its company by putting harm towards their consumers. Major Factors That Impact the Issue There are many factors that impact the ethical issue of Nestle, from social, economic and legal side. In another word, the unethical issues and actions of a company is always caused by the impacts from outside. Firstly, social factors affected the ethical issue of Nestle’s exaggeration advertising on its products. There are 3 reasons why Nestle exaggerate their advertisements and they are the market dominate, effectiveness of advertising and lack of consumers knowledge. Advertisements are effective because the range of advertising is very wide in the areas such as television, radio and online. An advertisement is easier to reach people in many different ways and easier to catch up people’s attention by using emotion and over exaggeration (Simmons, 2012). Besides that, according to Euromonitor International Plc (2010), Nestle is dominating in foods and beverages market. The effective of Nestle’s brand name and the consumer loyalty is high; therefore, consumers are easier to believe the products from Nestle without any rational judgments. At the same time, there are lack of knowledge on the ingredient and the effects of the products from Nestle because those ingredients used are not be able for people to see and only based on the verification. However, those verifications can only be forged by Nestle. Based on the factors above, Nestle exaggerate their advertisement by saying that their baby milk is better than breastfeeding in order to encourage people consume  more on their products. Another major factor is economy and it is explained by the ethical issues of Nestle is due to the demand of their product and also the desires of increase market share and revenues. Nestle aimed to maximize their profits and ignore the social responsibility of provide the truth of their products to their stakeholders (Shaw & Berry, 2010). The needs from economy growth on Nestle drove them into ethical issue which exaggerate their products and attract people to consume and increase the interest of the shareholders. Legal factor also impacted on the ethical issues of Nestle. As mentioned before, several investigations was required by the World Health Assembly in order to examine the ‘effectiveness’ of ‘The Gold’ formula† but has been rejected by Nestle because they said the formula is private and confidential. Nestle protected their formula by legal system and this resulted in unjudged of the effectiveness of their products. The real effects of â€Å"The Gold Formula† are covered by Nestle and encouraged the ethical issue of exaggeration advertising. Relevant Ethical Theories and Concepts As from the case regarding the boycott towards Nestle that were raised by the baby milk action organization, Nestle were said to be an unethical company as they used deceptive advertising to target the 3rd world countries while they are having language and literally barriers. (Kinnaird, 2011) Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has the twin effects of improving both short term and long-term corporate performance, furthermore, helps improve financial performance, enhance brand image and an increases the ability to attract and retain the best workforce. For a business to be successful in the long term it has to create value, not only for its shareholders but also for society. As mentioned by Nestle, the organizations’ approach is based on a long-term view, creating significant value to the society and also to maximizes the shareholder’s value as well as profit (Nestlà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s Corporate Business Principles, 2012) but as a matter of fact, in 1974, Nestle started to sell infant formula at developing countries and has a result of malnutrition and caused death of babies. Nestle did not fulfilled the  responsibility to have an obligation to benefit the society at large. (Kinnaird, 2011) Kenneth Arrow mentioned that â€Å"there are two types of situation in which the simple rule of maximizing profit is socially inefficient: the case in which the costs are not paid for, as in pollution, and the case in which the seller has considerably more knowledge about his product than the buyer.† From the view of business, Ne stle were said supported by this statement as they are providing a wider range of choices to their customers. However, in the case where Nestle used deceptive advertising towards the market had led their consumer to a harmful situation. Hence they were then boycotted by the baby milk action organization. An organization with ethical responsibility is more likely to build a good reputation, which is more likely to bring financial rewards over the long term, and since Nestle’s view is aiming for long term, they should stop the trend of decreasing breastfeeding and advertising exaggerated formula to their customer. In the 3rd world countries, most of the citizens are not educated and aware of the knowledge of bottle-feeding as compared to breast-feeding. Thus advertisement promoted by Nestle might seem very deceiving to them and tend to believe that the formula product is beneficial to their children. From the theory of Post MacPherson (Shaw, 2011) that clarify the liability of manufacturers as well as the retailers, â€Å"due-care† concept which is â€Å"idea that consumers and sellers equal and that the consumer’s interests are particularly vulnerable to being harmed by the manufacturer, who has knowledge and expertise the consumer does not have.† At the same time, manufacturers bear the heaviest responsibility to prevent the customer from being injured by defective products. Analysis of the available Options In the world of business, it is always the decision between narrow and broad view. Milton Friedman argued that business has no social responsibilities other than to maximize profit. (Shaw, 2011) Nestle by then were boycott by the baby milk organization is due to their turning point in their business as they aimed to create significant value to the society but apparently they are only focusing on maximizing the organization and the shareholder’s profit and marched towards the narrow view aspect and abandoned the obligation of bringing positive value to the society. As a matter of fact,  Nestle had come out with a framework that look into the CSR in terms of creating shared value with developments by Mark Kramer together with Professor Michael Porter of Harvard Business School. In short, creating social and environmental benefit is the key of making an organization’s competitive over other organization in the long-term, says Kramer (2006) Recommendation and Conclusions As mentioned above, Nestle has arisen social problems whereas the babies who fed on the baby milk powder are tend to become sick, in serious case of poverty, babies are dying compared to those breastfed babies. In order to defuse these social problems, Nestle should give more attention to these problems. With the issues mentioned as the deceptive advertising, society’s benefits are being reduced. They are not understanding about how the product is really providing the benefits that offered to the product users. In some case, they are lack of knowledgeable about what the advertisement is proposing due to different conditions which experienced by some countries such as the language and culture barriers. Therefore, Nestle should work against the deceptive advertising and provide more accurate information for the customers. They need to share a common goal and to get through the various aspects of the product development, manufacturing influences, customer’s benefits and the knowledge in order to link between the Nestle’s approach of Creating Shared Values. Apart from that, Nestle need has a need to build up back its company’s confidence and the trust among the company’s products with the customers. Due to the deceive advertising and defective products that brings harm to the infant, customer are becoming less trust on the company’s products and even the brands. In order to rebuild the customer’s perceptions towards the company, Nestle can come out with some new marketing strategies to promote their products. As an example, they can improve their product strategy where the ambiguous details shown on the packaging. They can improve the labels and packaging to provide more information about the baby milk powder, even in more different language based on the market country accordingly. Besides that, they can practices on their promotion strategy to promote the products itself as telling more information to the customers, publics and enable the company to answer the customers’ questions about the ambiguous details that they receive. Therefore, customer can know more about the product, in turn, confidence and trust towards the company is being enhanced. To cut a long story short, boycotts are often lead a company to face problems in earning their profits and position themselves in the market as well as maintain a good relationship with the customers who are purchasing the certain products. At the same time, they do face ethical dilemma which are bringing negative impacts to the society and in turn, it brings harm to the company. In the eyes of others, they are making priority in profit maximization; however, they have ignored the corporate social responsibility which is playing an important role in the business. In order to retain the company’s reputation, several strategies as to reduce the ethical dilemma situations, needed to be done for longer-term effects, no matter to the company or the society. Companies must not only focus on the boycott, but also work into the path of changing the rules in the product development. Bibliography Action, B. M. (2012, April 24). Protecting Breastfeeding. Retrieved October 16, 2012, from Why target Nestlà © with the boycott?: http://info.babymilkaction.org/nestlebriefing Kean, Y. J. (2005). NESTLÉ AND THE INTERNATIONAL CODE:. An analysis by the International Code Documentation Centre. Klein. J. G., Smith. N. C. & John. A. (2002). Why We Boycott: Consumer Motivations for Boycott Participation and Marketer Responses. Centre for Marketing Working Paper. No (2). 701 Nestlà ©. (2012). Nestlà © Good Foods, Good Life . Retrieved October 16, 2012, from http://www.nestle.com/Pages/Nestle.aspx Kinnaird, E. (2011 Ð ¹Ã ¸Ã » 22-March ). Nestle Infant Formula Case. From Prezi: Make Your Presentation Zoom: http://prezi.com/r2gtyqwc1gmn/copy-of-nestle-infant-formula-case/ Nestlà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s Corporate Business Principles. (2012). Retrieved from Nestlà ©: http://www.nestle.com/AboutUs/BusinessPrinciples/Pages/BusinessPrinciplesHome.aspx Shaw, W. H. (2011). Business Ethics. Boston, Uni ted States of America: Wadsworth, Cencage Learning. Simmons, L. (2012). Why Advertising Is So Effective. Retrieved October 16, 2012, from Netplaces.com: http://www.netplaces.com/addiction-recovery/cultural-lures-and-addiction/why-advertising-is-so-effective.htm YUNIKA Corp. (2010). Reasons Why Advertising

Becomming a Director essays

Becomming a Director essays Directing is a difficult, yet exciting and creative career with a long history and a promising future. It's a career full of stress, but the end production is well worth it. With a little time and a lot of patience, someone could create a successful movie, TV show, or play. Someone always have to be ready for rejection though. Critics can be harsh. "... It's no wonder why directing is physically, mentally, and emotionally draining." (Internet #2), they work with so many people and so many things. They determine how everything should look. It's not always easy to predict the outcomes but everything has to be perfect. The main idea of a director is to make scripts come alive. They do this by hiring actors, choreographers, technicians, stage crew, caterers, etc. (Internet #1). Also, according to this site, "actors must be paid minimum salary and can work no more than a set number of hours depending on their contracts." Directors must obey the rules set by the union (Internet #1). The union is a type of organization that deals with the assurance of actors getting what they deserve; such as salaries, benefits, and working hours (parents input). Becoming a director isn't all that easy. Usually, it's not something 'just anyone' can do. It's not likely someone can do this straight out of high school. First off, they should be prepared to work under difficult conditions (Internet #2). The 'aspiring director' must have at least a bachelor's degree in some kind of media or broadcasting field. Along with that, they should at least complete a short film by their college graduation (Internet #1). Another plus is going to a film school. "Formal training in directing is available at a number or colleges and universities." (Internet #1). The Bachelors degree will help in getting better opportunities to direct in better, high quality, higher paying placements (Career Encyclopedia Vol. II pg. 817-822). Us ...

How To Develop An Effective Content Marketing Promotion Strategy

How To Develop An Effective Content Marketing Promotion Strategy If you want the content marketing strategy for your business to be successful, you can’t rely on developing great content alone. No matter what your content goals are, you need traffic to your content to achieve them. This is where effective content promotion comes into play. In this post, were going to look at five steps you can follow to promote each piece of content you create and get the best possible results from your content. How To Develop An Effective #ContentMarketing Promotion Strategy @sujanpatel Step 1: Optimize Your Content For Search In the long run, if you optimize your content properly, search engines will likely be the best source of traffic for your content. You don't have to think about search engine optimization while you are creating your content. As a matter of fact, it's best if you don't think about SEO until after you have crafted a great piece of content with your visitors in mind. It's best if you don't think about #SEO until after you've crafted great #content. @sujanpatel How to easily optimize your content for a  keyword. Once you have finished creating your content, you will want to optimize it for one keyword phrase. To do this, you can use Google's free AdWords Keyword Planner. Add a few keywords or keyword phrases that best represent your piece of content. Google's Keyword Planner can help you optimize your content so people looking for your stuff can actually find it. Once you have found the best keyword phrase for your piece of content, you will want to make sure it is included in the title, meta description, first paragraph, last paragraph, and images. As an example, let's look at this post. We started with "How To Develop an Effective Content Promotion Strategy" as the title. After using the Google AdWords Keyword Planner, we revised it to "How To Develop an Effective Content Marketing Promotion Strategy", which includes content marketing strategy, as that has a higher search volume. Note that while it's good to have all of the words for the keyword phrase you target together (such as content marketing strategy), it's not required. Those who don't search for content marketing strategy in quotes will get anything with those three words in the title in their search results. Here's an example of the top competition for the content marketing strategy keyword with a Google search engine results page. In addition to adding content marketing strategy to the title, we added it into the other areas mentioned, including the filenames of all of the images in the post. This optimization should help this post rank well for content marketing strategy in search engines. Choose one keyword, use it in headings, titles, images, and first and last sentences. #SEOStep 2: Optimize  Your Content For Social Sharing There are three ways to optimize your content for social sharing. 1. Offer  social sharing buttons. The first is to make sure that each page on your website has social sharing buttons. You can add them to your website's template files using the official code provided by networks like Facebook, Twitter, Google+, LinkedIn, and Pinterest. Or, for those using platforms such as WordPress, you can install plugins like Socialize or Flare.   2. Use awesome images. Next, you will want to have at least one great image per piece of content. When people share your content on social networks, most networks will pull a thumbnail image from your content to make it stand out in the news feed. If you don't add an image to your content, the shares of your content either won't have an image or will have an unrelated image from elsewhere on your website. 3. Implement open graph tags. Finally, you will want to implement open graph tags for your content. Open graph tags allow you to customize the way that your content is shared on social networks like Twitter, Facebook, and Pinterest. For example, this code for Twitter... ...will allow tweets from the page it is implemented upon to look like this: You can find the code you need to implement open graph tags in the developer's support pages for Twitter Cards, Facebook Open Graph, and Pinterest Rich Pins. Or, for WordPress users, you can install plugins like JM Twitter Cards and Facebook for simpler open graph tag implementation. Step 3: Share Your Content With Your Social Media Audiences Don't just leave it up to your visitors to share your content on social media. 1. Promote  your content on multiple social networks. Your fans and followers connect with your social pages and profiles for a reason. Share your content with all of your social media audiences. It might sound like overkill at first, but keep in mind that you have different fans and followers on each network. If you just tweet your content, your Facebook and LinkedIn only audiences might miss it.

The Hemingway Hero Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Hemingway Hero - Essay Example In words, the Hemingway heroes are "courageous, confident and introspective", and "he does not let his fears get to him (http://engliterarium.blogspot.com) "Although Ernest Hemingway's heroes have different names they are fundamentally the same person, drawing from the same traumatizing experiences. However emotionally disturbed, Hemingway's heroes always seem to have some hope guiding them into the future. Their characteristics are all very similar, and the characters often seem to blend seamlessly into each other" (http://www.directessays.com). Another way of describing the Hemingway hero is someone who has grace under pressure. The Hemingway heroes are described as "code heroes". "Hemingway defined the Code Hero as 'a man who lives correctly, following the ideals of honor, courage and endurance in a world that is sometimes chaotic, often stressful, and always painful.' He measures himself by how well he handle the difficult situations that life throws at him. In the end the Code Hero will lose because we are all mortal, but the true measure is how a person faces death. He believes in "Nada," a Spanish word meaning nothing. Along with this, there is no after life" (http://engliterarium.blogspot.com). In "A Days Wait", the hero is not the boy but his father. The story is very simple. It was about a boy and his dad, an encounter when the boy is sick and the father was taking care of his some. The father was typical of a Hemingway hero, similar to Nick, the hero in the story, "Father and Son". Although the boy reflects worries and anxieties, the father was the opposite. Amidst the emotional pressure of taking care of a sick loved one, the father remained calmed, that's why he was also able to calm down the boy thus removing his fears. This is a show of "grace under pressure" a characteristic of a Hemingway hero In the story "In Another Country", the hero is the narrator. He is living the ordinary life of a man who has wounded leg caused by the war. The character is similar to what we have described above as a Hemingway hero - guided by hope in the future and at the same time he believes in the "nada" concept, meaning there is no after life. The man showed hope through his sickness, hopeful that he is going to get well and recover even he is in a foreign country, but the loss of his wife to death will never be recovered again. This painful reality reflects a depressing scenario on the life of a person and this is typical of a Hemingway hero. As stated above, the hero has a traumatizing experience. In the Story "A Clean, Well-Lighted Place", we witness an old man who is enveloped by darkness as signified by his blindness and his desire to be in the cafe. The young waiter could not relate to him as the former is happy with his life, especially having a wife. But the old man was depressed and finds respite in drinking. This story hero is so much reflective of a Hemingway hero who is suffering emotionally so that he even tried to commit suicide. Although, this is of course a revelation of Hemingway's later suicide decision, still the character was fighting and struggling for a well-lighted place. He still refused to succumb to darkness. Ironically, Harry is the one that resembles the character of a non-hero. "Where most of Hemingway's stories feature protagonists who speak little and reflect nothing at all about their motivations and